I just figured at the same as elemans mentioned!
Make sure that the minimum iOS target version of the Intent Handler Target as well as your main project target match.
I set both now to 14.0 and suddenly it works like a charm on my physical device too.
Got it thanks to this thread:
https://developer.apple.com/forums/thread/655245
Topic:
App & System Services
SubTopic:
Core OS
Tags: